The most significant properties of microemulsion for liquid cleaner applications are the improved solubilisation capacity for both polar and non-polar soil compounds due to very low values of interfacial tension achieved between aqueous and oil phases and their spontaneous formation. There are numerous applications of microemulsion, for example in multipurpose liquid cleaners. In addition, there are growing interests in replacing petrochemical-based ingredients with naturally-derived materials, such as palm methyl esters and palm-based surfactants in the microemulsion system. These properties have attracted much interest in producing high value-added products. Microemulsions are typically isotropic (clear) solutions with very small droplets (~10 to 100 nm), possess low viscosity and are thermodynamically stable. We hope this review would provide useful information on potential side effects of uncontrolled use of insect repellents. Furthermore, we have tried to incorporate the effects of insect repellent in light of some clinical reports. In this review, we have summarized the current state of knowledge on the insect repellent toxicity, including biochemical pathway alteration under in vitro and in vivo conditions considering different classes of organisms, from lower to higher vertebrate. Biotransformation followed by bioaccumulation (vice e versa) may be an important phenomenon for toxic response of this chemicals.
An increasing number of evidence suggests that insect repellents may trigger undesirable hazardous interactions with biological systems with a potential to generate harmful effects including intermediate metabolites. In addition to already known advantageous application of insect repellents, there is increasing concern about the potential toxicity in environment leading to health caused by random use of these compounds. In recent years, a large number of insect repellents have been developed with the idea of consumer benefits.
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